Expression of PTCH gene in ameloblastoma and odontogenic keratocyst: A comparative study.

Aim: This is a cross-sectional comparative study, aimed to quantify the expression of patched (PTCH) gene in ameloblastoma, odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) and also the comparison of both the expressions. Materials and Methods: Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted and quantified, and the expression of the PTCH gene was done in 17 cases of ameloblastoma and 17 cases of OKC by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: It was observed that there was an overexpression of the PTCH gene in both ameloblastoma and OKC with a good mean cycle threshold (CT) value of 32.71 ± 2.432 and 34.69 ± 1.875, respectively. When comparing the PTCH expression between the two, ameloblastoma showed higher expression than the OKC and the difference is statistically significant with P value of 0.025. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that there is overexpression of PTCH in ameloblastoma and OKC, but it is highly expressed in ameloblastoma when compared to OKC. Overexpression of PTCH may constitute the activation of the Sonic Hedgehog pathway and may suggest the mechanism for the development of ameloblastoma and OKC. Hence it can be used as a valuable marker for early diagnosis and in the identification of therapeutic targets.

Outcome of Index Pregnancy in Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL).

Background: Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is encountered in 2-5% of Obstetric population and in 50% the cause is unknown and hence it is a challenging situation for the Obstetrician to manage such women. This study was undertaken with the objectives of finding out the causes of RPL, comparing the outcome of index pregnancy between unknown RPL and known RPL and to study the pregnancy outcome with thromboprophylaxis in women with unknown RPL. Methods: Prospective observational study involving 323 women was undertaken in a tertiary care Institute South India. Women with two or more pregnancy losses without any live birth were included after ethical clearance and were investigated including thrombophilia screening. SSPS version 20 was used for statistical analysis. Comparison of pregnancy outcomes was determined with binomial test of proportions and pregnancy outcome in unknown RPL was calculated by Fisher's exact test or Chi-square test. Results: The common etiological factors were Thrombophilias (33%), followed by endocrine causes. There was no difference in miscarriage rates and live birth rates but IUGR, Stillbirth and perinatal deaths were significantly more in women with known RPL after interventions. In unknown RPL thromboprophylaxis with combination of aspirin, enoxaparin or progesterone resulted in significantly more term birth rates (93%). Conclusion: Thrombophilias were found to be the most common cause in this cohort of Indian women. In women with unknown RPL, thromboprophylaxis with Aspirin alone results in high incidence of preterm birth. Aspirin combined with Enoxaparin and or Progesterone achieves high live birth rate of term foetuses.

Lip print patterns: Similarities among the parents and their children.

Background: The wrinkles and grooves visible on the lips form the characteristic pattern of an individual and imprints produced is termed as "lip print." The study of these prints is known as "cheiloscopy." Variations in patterns among males and females could help in sex determination. Lip prints, therefore, can constitute material evidence left at a crime spot, equivalent to fingerprints. These patterns are heritable and are believed to be unique and permanent. The lip prints of parents and children and those of siblings have been shown to have some similarities. The influence of inherited lip print patterns among family members is still a new concept and studies are scanty in literature. Objectives: The objectives are to determine the most common patterns and gender-wise distribution among the study population and to analyze the inherited lip print patterns from parents to their offspring. Materials and Methods: Lip prints of 30 families were obtained using lipstick and cellophane tape. Based on criteria given by Suzuki and Tsuchihashi, patterns were recorded and analyzed from four quadrants of the lips using a magnifying lens. Results: The positive resemblance of lip print patterns from parents to their offsprings showed statistically significant resemblance in one quadrant and rest of the three quadrants showed no significant association between parents and offspring. Conclusion: Positive resemblance among the family members can be attributed to the genetics and inheritance. Lip print can be considered as an auxiliary method of identification.

Prevalence and molecular characterization of zoonotic helminths in dogs.

A cross sectional study was designed to ascertain the prevalence of zoonotic helminths and protozoan parasites in dogs by employing conventional techniques and molecular characterization using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Companion animals are reservoir hosts for helminths and protozoa species, and cohabitation with humans play a pivotal role in the transmission of zoonotic parasites to humans. A total of 510 faecal samples were collected from pet dogs belongs to various zones of Chennai city, Tamil Nadu, India and were processed by conventional techniques and molecular techniques. Out of 510 dog faeces, 121 samples were found positive for the parasitic eggs, prevalence rate was found to be 23.72%. Species-wise prevalence of the parasite was tabulated. PCR for the species-specific identification of the parasitic eggs was performed. The results revealed 38 samples were positive with product size of 540 bp specific for Ancylostoma caninum, 25 samples were positive which yielded a product size of 380 bp which is specific for Toxocara canis. None of the faecal samples tested were positive for Echinococcus granulosus which were positive for the presence of Taenia spp. eggs by microscopy. We recommend prevention and control measures focused on improving regular deworming, enhancing awareness of parasitic zoonotic diseases to minimize the transmission risk of parasitic zoonotic diseases from companion animals to humans. PCR can be widely used for species-specific identification of the zoonotic parasites.

Survivin expression in oral lichen planus: Role in malignant transformation.

CONTEXT: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a potentially malignant disease with a prevalence rate of 0.5-2.2%. It is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease, in which cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells trigger apoptosis of the basal cells of oral epithelium. The reported progression of OLP to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) ranges from 0.4% to 6.5%. Apoptosis plays a major role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. The evasion of apoptosis in the form of dysregulation of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) may lead to malignant transformation. Survivin belongs to the second gene family of IAPs, which is overexpressed in many tumors such as OSCC and gastric carcinomas, and its expression is widely involved in apoptosis as well as in tumor metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sections were obtained from the paraffin-embedded archival blocks of patients diagnosed histologically as OLP, and cases with normal epithelium were used for comparison whereas cases with OSCC were used as positive control. RESULTS: We analyzed the expression of survivin in OLP and normal epithelium. Survivin expression with moderate intensity was seen in the cells of basal layer with nuclear positivity in cases of OLP, whereas mild to nil expression was seen in normal epithelium with nuclear and cytoplasmic positivity in different layers. CONCLUSIONS: Survivin positivity was seen predominantly in the basal cells of OLP suggesting increased longevity of these cells which in turn might acquire dysplastic changes leading to increased risk of malignant transformation of this premalignant condition. Although the conversion rate may be low, the potential exists in the indolent course of the disease.

Molecular identification of Campylobacter jejuni and coli from chicken, calves and dogs to determine its potential threat on human being.

AIM: Campylobacter is an emerging zoonotic pathogen and one of the leading cause of foodborne infection worldwide and it has been isolated from a variety of animal species. The aim of this study was to identify Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from dogs, calves, and poultry using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). METHODOLOGY: A total of 104 number of samples comprising cloacal swab from poultry (38), a rectal swab from dogs (40), and calves (26) were collected for the isolation of thermophilic Campylobacters using conventional culture method. PCR was used for identification of mapA gene for C.jejuni and ceuE for C.coli. RESULTS: The overall presence of Campylobacter was found to be 67(64.42%) from the samples, out of which 6 isolates belongs to C. jejuni species, were 5(18.51%) from chicken and 1(4.17%) from dog was recorded and about 17 isolates belongs to C. coli species were 9(33.33%), 6 (25%), and 1(9.09%) from chicken, dog and calves was recorded. CONCLUSION: Results suggested that Campylobacter reservoirs chicken, calves and pet dogs can play a role as the source of infection to human beings and PCR can be an ideal tool for molecular confirmation at the species level.